3 levels of the immune system
Third line of defence
This line of defence is only in progress if the first and second line of defence have failed. The third line of defence has a specific response, it will respond to a specific pathogen and that is why it recognises self (part of the organism) and no-self (not part of the organism) able to destroy non-self in result of acquired immunity meaning it exposed to the infectious antigens, they trigger T and B lymphacytes the MHC markers on the outside of organisms which allow antibodies to recognize foreign invaders. Lymphocytes 'clone' themselves they are special white blood cells who play a big role in specific immunity in charge of recognising invading cells and are in need to invade them and these lymphocytes divide into either helper or memory cells (T Cells) T help cells activate B cells and Memory cells will ‘take a pitcure’ of the infected cell or identify for then or the next time.
T cells And B Cells in the third line of defence
The T Cells known as cell mediated immunity when the antigen has already entered the cell and the immune system wants to destroy the whole cell the T cytoxin cells they have receptors on the outside and when they find their perfect match they will attach to the antigen clone themselves and look for any other same antigens they also make memory cells when this happens they activate antigen-presenting cell which is the macrophage (phagocytes) that engulf the antigen and shows a a MHC marker like a flag to let everyone know they are infected T cells identify this and send out chemicals to let B cells know they need to do their job B cells known as the antibody mediated immunity, antigens are outside of the cells they try to find with their receptor pathogen and when it does it produces a plasma cell which provide antibodies on the surface (which are proteins) which means it deactivates it tag with their antibodies the antigens and then theT killer cells which interup the way the infected cell is living and will eventallly kill itself and lastly the T memory cells 'take a picture' for next time the same pathogen wants to invade the immune system. And the role of helper cells they will go look for any other of the same infected cells.
Image:http://www.vce.bioninja.com.au/aos-2-detecting-and-respond/defence-against-disease/third-line-of-defence.html
Specific response and Non-specific response
A specific response is in the third line of defence which has a response to a specific pathogen as for Non-specific which are within the first and second line of defence that has a response to a pathogen regardless of the pathogen type. Specific and Non-specific responses are both responsible to attack and kill the pathogen before it affects and spreads to the whole body they both work as the immune system.
Self and Non-self
Self are organisms that are recognised as its own, part of the organism (its self) helping the immnue system to not attack its own cells and those who are not theres are known as Non-self which are regcognised by the immnue system that it is not the same and are different (not itself), which carry markers to identify and let the body know that the organism/cell is infected and needs to be destroyed.
This line of defence is only in progress if the first and second line of defence have failed. The third line of defence has a specific response, it will respond to a specific pathogen and that is why it recognises self (part of the organism) and no-self (not part of the organism) able to destroy non-self in result of acquired immunity meaning it exposed to the infectious antigens, they trigger T and B lymphacytes the MHC markers on the outside of organisms which allow antibodies to recognize foreign invaders. Lymphocytes 'clone' themselves they are special white blood cells who play a big role in specific immunity in charge of recognising invading cells and are in need to invade them and these lymphocytes divide into either helper or memory cells (T Cells) T help cells activate B cells and Memory cells will ‘take a pitcure’ of the infected cell or identify for then or the next time.
T cells And B Cells in the third line of defence
The T Cells known as cell mediated immunity when the antigen has already entered the cell and the immune system wants to destroy the whole cell the T cytoxin cells they have receptors on the outside and when they find their perfect match they will attach to the antigen clone themselves and look for any other same antigens they also make memory cells when this happens they activate antigen-presenting cell which is the macrophage (phagocytes) that engulf the antigen and shows a a MHC marker like a flag to let everyone know they are infected T cells identify this and send out chemicals to let B cells know they need to do their job B cells known as the antibody mediated immunity, antigens are outside of the cells they try to find with their receptor pathogen and when it does it produces a plasma cell which provide antibodies on the surface (which are proteins) which means it deactivates it tag with their antibodies the antigens and then theT killer cells which interup the way the infected cell is living and will eventallly kill itself and lastly the T memory cells 'take a picture' for next time the same pathogen wants to invade the immune system. And the role of helper cells they will go look for any other of the same infected cells.
Image:http://www.vce.bioninja.com.au/aos-2-detecting-and-respond/defence-against-disease/third-line-of-defence.html
Specific response and Non-specific response
A specific response is in the third line of defence which has a response to a specific pathogen as for Non-specific which are within the first and second line of defence that has a response to a pathogen regardless of the pathogen type. Specific and Non-specific responses are both responsible to attack and kill the pathogen before it affects and spreads to the whole body they both work as the immune system.
Self and Non-self
Self are organisms that are recognised as its own, part of the organism (its self) helping the immnue system to not attack its own cells and those who are not theres are known as Non-self which are regcognised by the immnue system that it is not the same and are different (not itself), which carry markers to identify and let the body know that the organism/cell is infected and needs to be destroyed.
T Cells
T cells are white blood cells called lymphocytes which are produced in the bone marrow but as they mature they leave and travel to the thymus gland located just above the heart.
T cells are white blood cells called lymphocytes which are produced in the bone marrow but as they mature they leave and travel to the thymus gland located just above the heart.
T Cytotoxic
Only respond to cancerous cells and virally infected cells. They release a cytotoxin (which include perforin, a protein) then touch the cell that is an unrecognised antigen and the protein makes holes which makes the cell ooze out because the cell has been lysed. |
T Helper
These cells help other cells of the immune system, they produce and secret chemicals, which activate B or T cells to divide (clones of themselves). Becoming effector cells or memory cells. |
T Cell Memory Cells
These cells take a 'picture' of a cell and are able to identify other cells that are the same and for the next encounter. |
T Suppressor
They regulate the action of lymphocytes and also phagocytes and by this allows to prevent the immune system from overreacting to a stimulus and stops the immnue system from fighting once it has done its job. |
Macrophages
Macrophages are made up of white blood cells that responsed to infections or accumilating dead or damaged cells. They are large and have a role or recognizing infectious agents , engulfing them and destroying them. They are normally found in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys and lymph nodes.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect23.htm
B Cells and Antibodies
B Cells are cells that are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the bone marrow also.
Every B Cell has a different antibody that can only react to one specific antigen which are activated by T Helper Cells by secreating cytokines.
This causes the B cells to stimulate and divide (clonal slection and expansion) and differentitate into B plasma cells and B memory cells, these produce massive amounts of specific antibodies that will bing to their specific antigen.
Antibodies which are a type of B cell are also known as immunoglobulins which are Y-shaped proteins located on the surface of cells, viruses or bacteria, their role is to recognise and help remove foreign antigens. Every Antibody will recognise a specific foreign antigen due to the top of the 'Y' as they have a specific shape which allows antibodies to bind on a specific foreign antigen.
The 5 different B cells/Antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD.
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory response is a second line of defence when the skin is broken the body is exposed to a pathogen a rapid non-specific inflammatory response the spread of microbes, toxins and other chemicals they are released to the site of the injury so it does not spread, phagocytes arrive and they release histamine attracting more phagocytes to the infected area and they engulf and kill the infection and this involves an increased blood supply to the damaged area. Pus is also sometimes present, which are dead also living white blood cells which is the bacteria that have been engulfed.
Macrophages are made up of white blood cells that responsed to infections or accumilating dead or damaged cells. They are large and have a role or recognizing infectious agents , engulfing them and destroying them. They are normally found in the lungs, liver, spleen, kidneys and lymph nodes.
http://www.uic.edu/classes/bios/bios100/lecturesf04am/lect23.htm
B Cells and Antibodies
B Cells are cells that are produced in the bone marrow and mature in the bone marrow also.
Every B Cell has a different antibody that can only react to one specific antigen which are activated by T Helper Cells by secreating cytokines.
This causes the B cells to stimulate and divide (clonal slection and expansion) and differentitate into B plasma cells and B memory cells, these produce massive amounts of specific antibodies that will bing to their specific antigen.
Antibodies which are a type of B cell are also known as immunoglobulins which are Y-shaped proteins located on the surface of cells, viruses or bacteria, their role is to recognise and help remove foreign antigens. Every Antibody will recognise a specific foreign antigen due to the top of the 'Y' as they have a specific shape which allows antibodies to bind on a specific foreign antigen.
The 5 different B cells/Antibodies are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE and IgD.
Inflammatory Response
Inflammatory response is a second line of defence when the skin is broken the body is exposed to a pathogen a rapid non-specific inflammatory response the spread of microbes, toxins and other chemicals they are released to the site of the injury so it does not spread, phagocytes arrive and they release histamine attracting more phagocytes to the infected area and they engulf and kill the infection and this involves an increased blood supply to the damaged area. Pus is also sometimes present, which are dead also living white blood cells which is the bacteria that have been engulfed.